Category: Marine Conservation

Understand the Environmental Consequences of Oil Spills for Marine Ecosystems

The phenomenon of marine pollution is a complex issue influenced by various factors, including harmful chemical, industrial, and agricultural contaminants that have become alarmingly common in recent years. This problem is illustrated by numerous incidents, including oil spills, untreated sewage discharges, and the introduction of invasive species into local ecosystems. As a result, scientists and environmental advocates are increasingly concerned about the adverse effects these pollutants have on both marine ecosystems and human health. Continuous monitoring efforts are being implemented to measure levels of chemical and plastic pollution in our oceans, utilizing diverse methodologies to track the sources of these pollutants stemming from land-based activities, including oil spills. Initiatives like Horizon 2020 are aimed at fostering a healthier Mediterranean by identifying pollution sources and promoting sustainable marine conservation practices.

Research on marine pollution primarily examines its impacts on biodiversity, potential human health risks, and the overall quality of marine experiences. This analysis will delve into the intricate interplay between these categories to underscore their importance. Although some seabird populations are adversely affected by oil exposure, the overall stocks of marine species have not shown significant declines attributed to pollution. Factors like reproductive success and population dynamics are often more significantly influenced by external variables. Interestingly, regions such as the North Sea, despite experiencing increased pollution, have reported growth in fish populations, such as cod and haddock, over recent decades.

Deep-sea mining operations also contribute to marine pollution, resulting in the extraction of valuable minerals, including silver, gold, and copper. These mining practices produce sulphide deposits at significant depths, which can release toxic substances, thereby exacerbating ocean toxicity. While scientific research continues to explore the environmental ramifications of deep-sea mining, it is evident that these activities pose considerable risks to marine ecosystems, potentially causing irreversible damage and increasing the likelihood of oil spills and contamination.

Evaluate the Toxicity of Oil Spills and Their Impacts on Human Health

While oil spills are notorious contributors to marine pollution, they are not the sole offenders. Other significant sources of ocean pollution include discharges and runoff from urban and agricultural landscapes. Every year, millions of pounds of untreated waste, encompassing sewage and hazardous materials, find their way into rivers, ultimately contaminating our oceans. Industrial operations and agricultural runoff further aggravate this problem, introducing toxic chemicals and pollutants into our waterways. The cumulative impact of these pollutants poses severe threats to both marine ecosystems and human health, necessitating urgent attention and action.

Ship-based pollution remains a major source of maritime contamination, particularly due to oil spills. Crude oil, known for its long-lasting presence in ocean waters, is highly toxic to marine organisms and can lead to suffocation when these creatures become ensnared in oil. The cleanup of oil spills is notoriously complex and challenging, further complicating the restoration of affected marine environments. The extent of damage inflicted by oil on coastal ecosystems depends on various factors, including the type of oil involved, its viscosity, and the effectiveness of cleanup measures enacted. For instance, lighter oils may have different impacts on marsh vegetation compared to heavier crude oils, each presenting unique recovery challenges. Researchers continue to investigate the ecotoxicology of marine pollutants to gain a deeper understanding of their effects on human and environmental health.

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Investigate the Effects of Ocean and Coastal Acidification on Marine Ecosystems

Consider the vast diversity of life that thrives in our oceans. The impacts of increased acidity in marine environments can drastically alter the dynamics among various plant and animal species, often leading to unpredictable outcomes. While some organisms, such as seagrasses, may flourish under elevated levels of dissolved carbon dioxide, others, particularly shellfish like oysters, may struggle as their larvae fail to survive in increasingly acidic waters. Therefore, ocean and coastal acidification will likely induce significant shifts across entire ecosystems, affecting species abundance and interactions.

Research suggests that approximately 80% of marine pollution originates from land, primarily driven by the pressures of expanding coastal populations. Nutrient pollution, particularly from agricultural runoff and sewage, overwhelms marine environments with excessive nitrogen and phosphorus, resulting in harmful algal blooms. The decay of these blooms depletes oxygen levels, creating hypoxic zones where marine life cannot thrive. As our oceans, which cover 71% of the Earth, continue to absorb greenhouse gases and experience rising temperatures, the delicate balance of marine and coastal ecosystems faces substantial disruptions. Additionally, the melting ice caps and altered ocean currents further exacerbate these ongoing environmental changes.

Plastic pollution has emerged as a pressing concern in coastal and marine ecosystems worldwide. The incessant influx of plastic waste disrupts the structure and function of these ecosystems, posing both direct and indirect threats to marine life. Sources of plastic pollution are varied, arising from both land-based and ocean-based activities, manifesting in numerous forms, including metaplastic, macroplastics, mesoplastics, and microplastics. Understanding the implications of plastic pollution is essential for formulating effective strategies to mitigate its impacts on marine environments.

Identify Critical Threats Impacting Marine Environments

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has likely been part of marine microbial communities for centuries, yet its prevalence has surged in recent years, particularly in coastal waters. This increase is believed to correlate with the growing introduction of pollutants and pathogens from land-based sources into marine ecosystems. The detrimental effects of plastic litter on marine environments have been thoroughly documented, revealing that numerous marine species are threatened by plastic waste, jeopardizing their survival, especially as many species are already vulnerable due to other human-induced pressures.

Marine animals frequently suffer from entanglement and ingestion of plastic debris, leading to serious health outcomes and declines in populations. Lesser-known threats include the indirect effects of plastic waste on invasive species and the potential for harmful chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, to infiltrate the food chain. The socio-economic ramifications of marine litter are complex and interconnected, presenting challenges for management and mitigation strategies. Research on ghost fishing, for example, highlights the economic losses associated with lost fishing gear, illustrating the broader implications of marine pollution on livelihoods and coastal economies.

 

Assess the Societal Consequences of Oil Spills on Communities

The escalating pollution of our oceans due to human activities is undermining the sustainability of marine ecosystems, leading to far-reaching societal repercussions. Advanced monitoring technologies, including airborne and spaceborne sensors, are now being utilized to provide comprehensive insights into major marine pollutants, such as oil spills, chemical discharges, and algal blooms. However, evaluating the effects of these pollutants is complicated by their dynamic nature and the limitations of existing data concerning their specific characteristics and impacts, particularly in optically shallow waters.

Notable oil spill incidents, including the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon disasters, have left lasting scars on marine ecosystems and local communities. The Torrey Canyon spill in 1967 marked one of the first major oil disasters, releasing an estimated 25-36 million gallons of crude oil off the coast of Cornwall, England, and severely affecting coastlines in both the UK and France. The Deepwater Horizon spill, which originated from the seabed, had devastating effects on the Gulf Coast’s ecosystem, impacting marine life at various levels. In marine oil spills, fish and other marine organisms often bear the brunt of the damage, facing exposure to toxic oil components that can result in long-term health issues and reproductive challenges.

Analyze the Economic Impact of Oil Spills on Coastal Economies

Estuaries, often situated near petrochemical industries, are particularly vulnerable to oil exposure due to transport activities via ships and pipelines. Oil spills can cause severe damage to critical intertidal habitats, including salt marshes and mangroves, leading to long-lasting ecological consequences. The entanglement of marine animals in debris and their accidental ingestion of harmful materials further compounds the threats posed by oil spills, affecting species such as seabirds, turtles, and marine mammals.

Oil plays a vital role in the modern economy, serving both as a cost-effective energy source and as a raw material for plastics. The impacts of oil and gas exploration and production are multifaceted, influencing ecosystems at all stages, from exploration to extraction and eventual combustion. In the North Sea, it is estimated that offshore activities contribute to 29% of the total oil input into marine environments, underscoring the ongoing risks associated with oil production and its long-term consequences for both marine life and economic stability.

Recognize the Major Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Ecosystems

Despite advancements in environmental regulations, oil spills continue to pose a significant threat to marine ecosystems. Most oil spills are relatively small; however, collectively they contribute to a substantial amount of oil entering marine environments, with over 5.65 million tonnes released due to tanker spills from 1970 to 2009. The environmental risks associated with offshore oil production are profound, as large spills can have catastrophic consequences for marine wildlife and coastal communities.

The Deepwater Horizon blowout in 2010 serves as a stark reminder of the potential devastation caused by offshore drilling accidents. While natural disturbances can often allow ecosystems to recover, oil spills introduce persistent contaminants that can disrupt marine life for generations. Larger marine mammals and seabirds are particularly susceptible to the immediate and long-term health effects of oil exposure, which can lead to physiological changes, immune system disorders, and reproductive failures.

Many coastal and marine ecosystems are adapted to endure natural disturbances, which create opportunities for new organisms to thrive. However, oil spills introduce a level of disruption that can inhibit these natural recovery processes. Understanding and supporting the natural restoration mechanisms of impacted ecosystems is crucial for alleviating the long-term effects of oil spills and fostering resilient marine environments.

Examine the Impact of Oil Spills on Marine Wildlife and Habitats

Oil and gas exploration activities pose numerous challenges for marine ecosystems, primarily through oil spills and the accompanying noise pollution. Each year, thousands of oil spills are reported in the United States alone, causing extensive damage to marine habitats and wildlife. The ramifications of oil spills can linger for decades, and cleanup efforts often remove only a fraction of the oil, sometimes introducing additional harmful chemicals that worsen the problem. Marine mammals, including dolphins and whales, encounter heightened health risks when exposed to oil and toxic substances stemming from drilling operations.

The issue of marine debris, frequently referred to as “plastic trash,” is also a significant concern. Millions of Americans enjoy coastal activities, often unaware of how everyday actions contribute to marine pollution. Marine litter poses threats to the ecological integrity of coral reefs and other critical habitats, leading to declines in biodiversity and disruption of essential ecological functions. All species of sea turtles and more than half of known marine mammal species face adverse effects from marine litter, resulting in entanglement, ingestion, and potential toxicity from chemicals leaching from plastics.

According to the Ocean Conservancy, plastic pollution has negative impacts on over 690 species of marine life, highlighting the urgent need for innovative solutions. Some businesses are exploring alternatives to traditional plastic products, such as edible six-pack rings made from leftover brewing materials. The lack of comprehensive scientific data on marine plastic pollution, despite its widespread acknowledgment, emphasizes the necessity for ongoing research and public awareness to tackle this pressing issue effectively.

Coastal regions are increasingly influenced by human activities, with marine pollution and climate change as primary challenges faced by these environments. Understanding the cumulative effects of these pressures is essential for effective coastal zone management and developing proactive strategies to mitigate environmental risks. The responsibility to preserve our oceans rests with each individual, ensuring they remain healthy and vibrant for future generations.

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How do oil spills affect the environment?

Marine pollution today comes in various forms – chemical, industrial and agricultural – and pollution sources are endless. In recent history, we have seen many oil spills, untreated sewage, eutrophication, invasive species, heavy metals, acidification, radioactive substances, marine litter and overfishing, among others. Although marine pollution has long been an issue, it has only recently exploded into environmental, economic and policy debate advisers. Scientists and non-scientists alike continue to be very shocked and dismayed by the sheer variety of water pollutants and the many ways in which they can harm our environment and our bodies.

Monitoring of chemical and plastic pollution in the oceans has been going on for decades. One approach is to measure the discharges directly.
One approach is to directly measure discharges of pollutants such as plastic waste into the oceans from land-based sources and tabulate the number and frequency of discharge events such as oil spills. From the auspices of the Horizon 2020 initiative for a cleaner Mediterranean, the European Environment Agency and UNEP-map defined.

Marine pollution has been studied by the following impact groups: harm to living resources, a risk to human health, reduction of amenity and harm to other sea users. This paper is mainly concerned with the first two categories and their interrelationship. Apart from some seabirds affected by oil, marine animals’ main stocks show no evidence of reduction due to pollution. Pollution effects are generally insignificant relative to other factors determining reproductive success, survival, growth and population size. Even in the North Sea, which has experienced greatly increased pollution loads over the past three decades, both total fish production and catches per unit effort (a measure of abundance) of cod, haddock and plaice increased over the 20 years 1950-69.

Marine mining in the deep sea is another source of marine pollution. Marine mines drilling for silver, gold, copper, cobalt and zinc create sulphide deposits up to three and a half thousand metres deep in the sea. Although we have not yet gathered scientific evidence to explain the harsh environmental impacts of deep-sea mining fully, we have a general idea that deep-sea mining causes damage to the lowest levels of the ocean and increases the region’s toxicity. This permanent damage also causes leaks, corrosion and oil spills that only further drastically affect the region’s ecosystem.

Are oil spills toxic to humans?

But it is not only oil spills that pollute our oceans. The other main causes of ocean pollution are:

Discharges and runoff: We dump millions of pounds of untreated sewage, rubbish and toxic waste into our rivers. But industrial and agricultural waste and pollution from mining and simple urban runoff from roads and highways also enter our fresh waterways. These rivers, streams, and sewage eventually end up in the ocean, full of pollutants and hazardous waste.

Pollution from ships is a huge source of ocean pollution, the most devastating of which is oil pollution. Crude oil remains in the ocean for years and is extremely toxic to marine life, often suffocating when caught in it. Crude oil is also unfortunately complicated to clean up, which means that once it is separated, it usually stays forever.

The main negative effects of oil on marsh vegetation depend on the type of oil (constituents, viscosity), the amount of oil, the amount of plant cover, the depth of penetration of the oil into marsh sediments, the time of year, and the nature and effectiveness of any clean-up or remedial measures (discussed by Webb, 1996; pezeshki et al., 2000) ( Table 5-3 ). Lighter and more refined oils, such as No. 2 fuel oil, are extremely toxic to smooth cotton grass (Spartina alterniflora). Crude oils and heavy fuel oils generally have the same effects on plants, i.e.

Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems summarises the theoretical background on common and emerging marine pollutants and their effects on organisms (ecotoxicology).

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Effects of Ocean and Coastal Acidification on Ecosystems

Take a moment to consider the diversity of life in the sea. Marine life is of course very diverse, and increased acidity can harm or help individual plant and animal species in many different ways. It may well not be obvious to us at first glance, but some organisms are likely to be more abundant, others less so. For example, seagrasses may grow faster when more dissolved carbon dioxide is available, while oysters may decrease in number as fewer larvae complete their life cycle due to increased acidity. In this way, scientists expect ocean and coastal acidification to affect entire ecosystems.

Pollution from a variety of sources is badly choking our oceans. An estimated 80 percent of marine pollution originates on land. Growing populations in coastal regions increase the pollution pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems. Nutrient pollution elements come from a variety of sources, including agricultural runoff and sewage discharges. It overloads the marine environment with high concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients that can lead to large algal blooms. The decomposition of these algae after they die consumes oxygen. This leads to hypoxic or oxygen-depleted “dead zones” where fish and other marine life cannot thrive.

The ocean makes up 71% of our planet. It provides many services to human communities, from mitigating weather extremes to produce everything including the oxygen we breathe daily, from producing the food we eat to storing the excess carbon dioxide we also generate. the effects of increasing greenhouse gas emissions seriously threaten coastal and marine ecosystems through changes in ocean temperature and constantly melting ice, affecting ocean currents, weather patterns, and sea levels. As the ocean’s capacity as a carbon sink has been exceeded, its chemistry is also changing due to our carbon emissions.

Plastic pollution is recognized as a serious anthropogenic problem in coastal and marine ecosystems around the world. The unprecedented and continuous accumulation of growing plastic pollution in respective aquatic ecosystems by anthropogenic sources is directly and/or indirectly disrupting ecosystem structure, functions and consequently services and values. Land-based and ocean-based sources are the primary sources of these contaminants, which enter the ocean in various ways. This review focuses on highlighting different aspects related to plastic pollution in coastal and marine environments. Plastic pollution is distributed in ecosystems in different forms, with different size variations as metaplastic, macroplastics, mesoplastics and microplastics.

Threats to Marine Environment You Must Know

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has probably been present for millions or billions of years in marine microbial communities due to resistance mechanisms that bacteria have evolved in response to natural threats.
More recently, the prevalence of Amr has increased in marine environments, particularly in coastal waters.
This increase seems to reflect the increasing introduction of allochthonous sources from the land.

The detrimental effects of plastic litter on the marine environment were reviewed by collating much of the literature on the subject. Many marine species are known to be harmed and/or killed by plastic waste, which could threaten their survival, especially as many of them are already threatened by other forms of anthropogenic activities. Marine animals are mostly affected by entanglement in and ingestion of plastic waste. Other lesser-known threats include the use of plastic waste by “invasive” species and the ingestion of polychlorinated biphenyls from ingested plastic.

There are so many problems and threats caused directly or caused directly or indirectly by marine litter, including environmental, social and economic impacts.
Economic impacts. These impacts are diverse, usually interconnected and are therefore more difficult to mitigate separately. Nevertheless, our overall understanding of these problems is limited in some areas, particularly the indirect and socio-economic impacts (Mouat et al., 2010). An example of this is the different impacts of ghost fishing that lead to economic losses.

 

How do oil spills affect society?

The increasing pollution of the oceans due to anthropogenic activities is harming the sustainability of marine ecosystems. The literature reviewed suggests that airborne and spaceborne sensors provide holistic information for monitoring many of the major marine pollutants. These include oil and chemical spills, sewage, high suspended sediment concentrations, and algal blooms. Solid waste deposited in coastal areas can also be mapped using similar geospatial technology. However, there are some technical limitations to evaluating detailed information on pollutants. These limitations arise from their dynamic nature, limited information on the pollutants’ specific spectral response, substrate response in optically shallow waters, and the complex physics of light interaction through the water column.

The world has been completely rocked by a series of oil spills, including the Exxon Valdez, the Deepwater Horizon, and the Ixtoc 1. These oil spills have had devastating effects on the marine environment that have lasted for decades. The ss Torrey canyon, one of the first oil spills to attract global attention, caused a huge disaster off the coast of Cornwall, England, in 1967. A massive 25-36 million gallons of crude oil spilled into international waters, affecting hundreds of miles of coastline in the UK and France.

The Pew Charitable Trusts
The Deepwater Horizon disaster threatened the ecosystem along the US Gulf Coast. Most of the oil spills have occurred at the ocean surface. This oil spill, which originates on the seabed and rises through the water column, can affect the marine environment at all levels. For more on the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, see our article on the Gulf of Mexico.

In marine oil spills, the first creatures to come into contact with the oil are marine life, including the various species of fish. Apart from the impact on coastal fisheries and fishing, exposure to oil spills can negatively affect the health of marine life. The adverse effects on marine life refer to the accumulation of persistent and bioaccumulative components of the oil in the tissues and bodies of marine organisms (fish) with the potential to cause a variety of health and reproductive problems and mass mortalities in marine organisms in general.

How do oil spills affect the economy?

Estuaries are vulnerable to oil exposure in many areas because petrochemical industries are located in the coastal zone. Oil products are transported either by ship or via pipelines that pass either near or through estuaries. Spills or operational discharges can potentially cause damage to intertidal vegetation-rich habitats, including salt marshes and mangroves. These vegetation types may occur individually or in combination. Oil spills are known to cause serious and long-term damage to mangrove and salt marsh ecosystems

Marine animals can and will become entangled in marine debris or accidentally swallow it. Animals such as seabirds, porpoises, sea turtles, whales and invertebrates can be affected by oil spills and other sea chemicals.

Oil is at the heart of our modern economy, providing a cheap source of energy and serving as a raw material for the manufacture of plastics. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons and up to 25% non-hydrocarbons such as sulfur, vanadium, and metals. The impacts occur at all stages of oil and gas exploration and exploitation. They result from prospecting activities (including seismic), physical impacts from rig installation, operational discharges at the start of production, accidental and routine spills, and finally, combustion. Nihoul and Durotomy (1994) have estimated the oil input to the North Sea attributable to the offshore industry at 29 % of the total oil input.

Major Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Ecosystems

Oil spills continue to pose a serious threat to marine ecosystems, despite the stricter environmental regulations that have been enacted in most countries. The majority of oil spills are small (i.e. less than 7 tonnes). Data on numbers and quantities are incomplete; however, they represent a relatively small proportion of the total oil released into the marine environment through tanker spills. In the period from 1970 to 2009, more than 5.65 million tonnes of oil entered the sea due to tanker spills.

The risk and consequences of any oil spills are probably the biggest environmental problem associated with offshore oil and gas production. While most oil enters the oceans possibly unseen, massive oil spills highlight the catastrophic impact oil will have on marine wildlife and human communities. In 2180, there was only one major Deepwater blowout, the Deepwater Horizon well in the Gulf of Mexico, which exploded catastrophically in 2010. There haven’t been any major well blowouts in New Zealand, however, the risks could increase as oil and gas activities expand.

Offshore oil spills can cause major damage to many components of natural ecosystems. Some of the most noticeable effects of oil spills are seen in larger wildlife species such as marine mammals and seabirds. Marine and coastal animals exposed to oil suffer immediate health problems and long-term changes in their physiology and behaviour. In small doses, oil can cause temporary physical damage to animals. These may include skin irritation, changes in the immune system, reproductive or developmental damage and liver disease. When large amounts of oil enter a water body, chronic effects such as cancer become more likely, and wildlife’s direct mortality can be widespread.

Many of the ecosystems most commonly affected by marine oil spills are accustomed to natural disturbance under normal conditions. For example, shallow coral reefs are among the most dynamic environments, often subject to typhoons and tsunamis’ intense forces. Disturbances of this kind typically create space for new organisms to settle and grow. Over time, natural processes repair the damage caused by such events and return an ecosystem to its former functions, even though it may consist of other individual organisms. Natural restoration processes are also important in cleaning up the effects of oil spills.

Impact on Marine Animals

Offshore drilling by oil and gas organizations causes several additional problems. Not only are they a source of noise pollution, but they are also the cause of oil spills, of which there are thousands in the US every year. When oil spills occur, the damage to the water and marine life is devastating. The effects of an oil spill can last for decades. Even clean-up operations remove only a small portion of the oil, and the techniques used often involve even more dangerous chemicals. Chemicals from drilling operations can damage animals’ organs, such as marine mammals, that come into contact with them.

The following discussion is adapted from information about marine debris on the California Coastal Commission website. Marine debris could also be referred to as “plastic trash” as this more accurately describes the nature of most of the material. Millions of Americans enjoy the nation’s coasts and waterways every day. However, many of these people are unaware of how their daily activities – from driving their cars to not properly disposing of their trash to throwing away a cigarette butt – can impact the plants and animals off our coasts.

Marine litter negatively impacts all the reef values – its beauty, its rich biodiversity, its extensive natural habitats, its historical heritage and the cultural values of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Marine litter kills marine life. It can smother coral, become entangled in wildlife or be swallowed by animals. All sea turtles species, more than half of all known species of marine mammals such as dolphins and whales, and seabirds are negatively affected by marine litter. Plastic waste also has potentially toxic effects on animals, caused by chemicals in the plastic leaching out after consumption.

The Ocean Conservancy estimates that more than 690 species of marine life are affected by plastic pollution. To reduce the impact of all this waste, some businesses have developed alternatives. Delray Beach Craft Brewery in Florida has developed edible six-pack rings made from wheat and barley left over from the brewing process. It hopes to start production in October.

The lack of concerted and definitive scientific data/research on this issue is staggering compared to the scale of the problem. It was not until 1997, with the discovery of Captain Charles Moore, that marine plastic pollution was widely addressed in the media and finally received more attention from the public and the scientific world, paving the way for more comprehensive research on plastic and its consequences and impacts when it enters marine life.

Coastal areas are increasingly impacted by human activities, with marine pollution and climate change among the most important pressures affecting these environments. Human-induced pressures occur cumulatively and produce additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects. Knowledge of synergistic effects is crucial [. ] read more. Coastal areas are increasingly busy and affected by human activities; marine pollution and climate change are among the most important pressures affecting these environments. Human-induced pressures occur cumulatively and produce additive, antagonistic or synergistic effects. Knowledge of synergistic effects is crucial for coastal zone management. They may imply changes in these systems’ human use and specific action plans to reduce hazards and environmental risks.

The oceans are the largest areas of water on planet Earth. In recent decades, excessive human activities have severely affected life in the Earth’s oceans. Pollution of the oceans, also known as marine pollution, is the spread of many harmful substances such as oil, plastics, industrial and agricultural waste and chemical particles. The oceans are of course home to an enormous variety of marine animals and plants, every citizen’s responsibility is to do their part to keep these oceans clean so that marine life can thrive for a long time to come.

Ocean pollution is a growing problem in today’s world. Our ocean is inundated with two main types of pollution: chemicals and rubbish. Chemical pollution or nutrient pollution is of concern for health in general, and environmental and economic reasons. This type of pollution occurs from our human activities, particularly the use of fertilisers in agriculture, resulting in the runoff of chemicals into waterways that eventually flow into the ocean. The increased concentration of chemicals, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, promotes the growth of algal blooms that can be toxic to wildlife and harmful to humans in the coastal ocean.

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